. The rebels are all our own subjects. ." White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. "White Lotus Rebellion However, the date of retrieval is often important. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. White Lotus - Wikiwand History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - globalsecurity.org In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. [6] The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. ." Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. At the . The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). "[5] During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Grandmother. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people.
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