Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. social identity theory | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts Unit 23. University of Houston. This example is an illustration of: If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate: The results from research using the IAT are consistent with social identity theory. After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." Aggression Meta-analysis of predictive validity. c. outgroup bias. Women cannot drive. Denote the maximal utility as a function of ppp and mmm by U(p,m)U^*(p, m)U(p,m), the value function, also called the indirect utility function. Rumination refers to the tendency to repetitively think about the causes, situational factors, and consequences of one's negative emotional experience (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). (2020). One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." The test itself is rather simple (and you can experience it yourselfhere). The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. The larger issue, however, is that own-group preference often results in liking other groups less. b. implicit prejudice. Psychology questions and answers. Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? social class, family, football team etc.) View Essay - chapter_12 from HLT 1353 at University of Houston. The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. Historical examples abound. the preference for order, clarity, and conventional values) and conservative beliefs. Verify that U/p=x(p,m)\partial U^* / \partial p=-x^*(p, m)U/p=x(p,m). The phrase "not in my backyard," shortened to "NIMBY," seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. Like stereotypes, prejudice is a bias against people based on their group membership. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. Whenever this person encounters a person that is both left-handed and creative, they place greater . experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. The principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression. Black people tend to dress pretty much alike. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. Sun Microsystems uses the accrual basis of accounting and recognizes revenue at the time it sells goods or renders services. This reaction is best explained in terms of: After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any person they perceived as Middle Eastern. According to Gallup's polling . This might remind you of self-determination theory, with its focus on autonomy, relatedness, and competence. Or even ageist people who feel fond of older adults but, at the same time, view them as incompetent to support themselves and worry about the burden they place on public welfare programs. b. the bystander effect. skepticism. Being audience-centered means a speaker must sacrifice what she or he really believes to get a favorable response from . Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". Intergroup bias. When it comes to relationships, it is valuable to remember that negative comments usually carry much more weight than positive ones. a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups. In fact, this finding generally holds regardless of whether ones group is measured according race, age, religion, nationality, and even temporary, insignificant memberships. refers to the tendency to view the world through ones own cultural B) become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion. quiz 5 psych 312.docx - Question 1 2 out of 2 points A tendency to This experiment best illustrated the impact of, The discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent is called, Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the, We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. Women are in poverty and are uneducated more. Tensions between, say, a White persons own good intentions, on the one hand, and discomfort with closely interacting with a Black person, on the other hand, may cause the White person to behave stiffly or be distracted. The girls are reacting to: Your new roommate is from Ireland. a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status . a. human aggression is an unlearned instinct. This best illustrates the value of, Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. c. social facilitation. What term describes the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more (1998). High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: a. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Betty and Tina are in the third grade. Spontaneously, people categorize people into groups just as we categorize furniture or food into one type or another. This effect has been researched by many psychologists and linked to many theories related to group . b. there is no physiological basis for aggression in humans. Despite its name, though, RWA is not necessarily limited to people on the right (conservatives). What term best describes Elena's behavior? In order for a transaction to be recorded in a business accounting records, the effects of the transaction must be faithfully represented. "Them"those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. C) Having an unreasonable fear of those who are different from you. Log in Join. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. The orientation of all people is "growth, autonomy, and freedom from control by external forces" (Schunk, 2016, p. 349). Social categorization and stereotyping in vivo: The VUCA challenge. Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others is a false statement. Was the White person right to avoid the situation so that neither person would feel uncomfortable? The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups is called. What does the term multicultural mean? The tendency of people to believe that one gets what one deserves and deserves what one gets is called: In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received high ratings if participants were led to believe they were written by Black students rather than White students. where all constants are positive, a(0,1)a \in(0,1)a(0,1). A) mirror-image perceptions. Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. Classic examples of blatant bias include the views of members of hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and members of Hitlers Nazi party. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike each other not because of any real, objectionable traits about the other group. Which of the following statements is likely to be true of Bill? A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. Experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. His action is best explained in terms of the, Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid, In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves, The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people. Rudman, L. A., & Ashmore, R. D. (2007). (Ask a partner what he or she orders in a restaurant in the following situations.). Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias: just-world phenomenon For example, if you were asked to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you might quickly categorize it as good. (Blame the Victim). In the United States, for instance, waves of new immigrants such as Chinese people, Irish people, and Italians, were met with open hostility, with attitudes often shifting to the most recent group of immigrants. Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Could you feel that some associations are easier than others? d. neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior in men but not in women. Social Sciences. a. more; less Turner, J. C. (1975). ch 9 quiz Flashcards | Quizlet Psychology. Just ask yourself if youve ever been asked, What are you? This question is frequently asked to people about their ethnicity, national origin, gender identity, religion, and other group affiliations. We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. Around nine-in-ten Americans favor some form of marijuana legalization, according to an April 2021 Pew Research Center survey.An overwhelming majority of U.S. adults (91%) say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use (60%) or that it should be legal for medical use only (31%).Just 8% say the drug should not be legal in any form. hide 31 types. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or false: Prejudice definitions can include positive or negative judgments., Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas _____ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual., In the context of the world, every race is a: and more. The finding that the greater the number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help, the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain, apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group, the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. By understanding this natural human tendency, you can focus on finding ways to cut other people a break and to stop expecting the worst. Today, many nations have equality clearly articulated in their constitutions. Also called the cross- race effect and the own- race bias. Misra, S., Le, P.T., Goldmann, E. & Yang, L.H. Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. This way of perceiving and making . . Trellis8. This best illustrates, Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. View quiz 5 psych 312.docx from PSYCH 312 at Liberty University. At its heart, SDO rests on a fundamental belief that the world is tough and competitive with only a limited number of resources. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. What causes a gain or loss on the sale of a bond investment? the tendency to favor our own group: scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame: other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. c. offering them opportunities to play violent video games when they feel angry. Influence (conforming) resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. b. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. Tell your classmates what you will visit and what you will do and see there. Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to _______ self. c. frontal lobes A groups position on the dimensions of warmth and competence dictate whether we relate to its members with admiration, dehumanizing contempt, competitive envy, or paternalistic caretaking. D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. 3. a special and definite purpose in a novel or other literary work. Female 3: But you know your kid better than anybody else and if you think he's acting different than usual, Male 1: acting really down, crying all the time for no good .
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