In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. . Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. 0. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. It is typically consumed in pill form. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. Diarrhea. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Thirst. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. B) the cause of the problem. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). . 23. The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours.
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