Revell, 1904). The screen in the cartoon may refer to the early films that fed public fascination with China and the Boxer crisis, including Edisons recreation of the Bombardment of Taku Forts by the Allied Fleets (1900, view in the Library of Congress) and a four-minute British production that staged the murder of a missionary by Boxers called Attack on a China Mission (1900). Explain the message of this particular cartoon using the details the cartoonist has included. Whom or what did you include or leave out of the image? From Cape to Cairo by Bike | Free Documentary Nature - YouTube The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling). Victor Gillam,Judge, April 1, 1899. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: It's all a matter of perspective. The Rhodes Colossus - Striding from Cape Town to Cairo Imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, in the distance, probably France are borne on the backs of subjugated people in the Philippines, India, and Africa. | Illustration shows Britannia standing with an injured landowner and an African man, showing them a view of the future when "Enlightened Government" comes to South Africa after 1 print : chromolithograph. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. Eighteen months before Steinlens disturbing mural, another German artist, Thomas Theodor Heine, published a similarly blood-soaked rendering of the barbarities perpetuated abroad by Western military forces. Death to all Schools but Ours. The last marcher holds up Drummers Samples, referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. A mound of scribbled papers from an overflowing wastebasket testifies to the coercion exerted upon him to induce cooperation. Vultures hover above the procession, and the artifacts of past civilization are trampled underfoot at the rear. Religion played a major role in the characterization of others as heathens in need of salvation through education, conversion, and civilizing in the ways of Christian culture. That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. 799820 (June 2000). 2 vols. | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. View Rhodes_cartoon_analysis+FINAL.docx from HIS 123 at Duval Charter School at Baymeadows. As Twain saw it, the U.S. war against the nascent Philippine Republic amounted to little more than mimicry of Britains bloody war of conquest in South Africa. Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955). The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. The banners of both side pronounce fidelity to the golden rule., Boxer banner (Chinese forces flags): Do not do unto others what you would not that others should do unto you. in: Puck, v. 52, no. From the Cape to Cairo. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. The enlarged detail below reveals that the flags of the opponents say the same thing in different words, each justifying their wars to uphold the principle of the Golden Rule., Are our teachings, then, in vain? Udo Keppler,Puck, October 3, 1900. Mish Mish Effendi cartoon 1930s. In 1901, occupation forces roamed the countryside to pillage, loot, and hunt for Boxers. Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers' Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of theMinneapolis Journal)and Albert Wilbur Steele (of theDenver Post). Journal of American Studies, 45, pp 53-75 (Cambridge University Press). 1, July 6, 2015. The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). The words "Striding from Cape Town to Cairo . The U.S. policy of benevolent neutrality supported Britain in the Boer War with large war loans, exports of military supplies, and diplomatic assistance for British POWs. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". The test of U.S. naval power came with the Spanish-American War. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. In mid 1899, Life published this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. In the rest of the continent, the Belgians brutally dealt with uprisings in the Congo; and the German government gobbled up what practically was the last "free" land for colonials in southwest Africa. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. Rhodes measures with the telegraphic line the distance from Cape Town (at his right foot) in South Africa to Cairo (at his left foot) in Egypt, illustrating his broader "Cape to Cairo" concept for further colonial expansion in Africa. Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known as uitlanders (foreigners) to the Boers. The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. I relegated an escort. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through An iron railing through which an electric current runs is the healthiest and safest of fences. From Cape to Cairo: An African Odyssey - Goodreads available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as Vol. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. Source:Library of Congress, Left: John Bull gapes at a new American steamer. Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. American ships for American commerce!!. This will help reinforce what you've already learned about imperialism and will give you more insight into both the minds of the imperialists as well as those who rejected this type of domination. The strategy was among several emerging in these small wars of the turn of the century. Udo Keppler, a Puck cartoonist who was still in his twenties at the time, was more benign in his rendering of the great rapprochement. Source:Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. title not id. American Imperialism (New York: Arno Press, 1970). Maine. Vol 172 (February 1901). Overview; View 4 Editions Details; Reviews Lists; Related Books; Publish Date. 6 reviews. | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Source:Library of Congress. The White (!) Having defeated China in 189495, Japan is presented by Columbia (the U.S.) to her closest ally, Britannia (Great Britain). Cartoonists portrayed Wilhelm II with increasing venom as a perpetrator of violence through World War I. This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. - PICRYL Public Domain Search Cecil John Rhodes was born on 5 July 1853 in the small hamlet of Bishops Stortford, England. Title from item. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Chinas Worn Out Traditionsrepresented by the queue hairstyle required during the Qing dynastyare about to be cut with the shears of 19th Century Progress., Nearly two years later, in the midst of the Boxer Uprising, Puck was still resorting to the same sort of stereotyped juxtaposition. Long May It Wave. J. Ottman Lithographic Company, Printer, and Udo J Keppler. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. - Follow. 3, pp. Language. The human and financial cost of these extended conflicts was large. Generic names on the gravestones are coupled with places of origin, including England, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt, indicating the diversity of those recruited to fight and die for the British Empire. The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Appelbaum, Stanley. Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). Each sign is topped by the word Wanted and the goods listed include trolley lines, electric lights, water-works, sewers, paving, asphalt roads, watches, clocks, wagons, carriages, trucks, 100,000 bridges, 500,000 engines, 2 million cars, 4 million rails, 100,000 RR stations, cotton goods, telegraph, telephone, stoves, lamps, petroleum, medicines, chemicals, disinfectants, 50 million reaping machines, 100 million plows, and 50 million sewing machines. This special issue of LAssiette au Beurre drew particular attention to the brutal tactics adopted by the British in the Boer War, including herding the families of the Boer opponent into concentration camps. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. Almost exactly eight years subsequent to this cartoon's publication, former president Theodore Roosevelt emerged from a long safari in Africa and, invited to speak in Cairo, Egypt, lectured the British about proper colonial administration -- "or leave Egypt. - Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? Opposing the British were the Mahdists, followers of the deceased Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi (d. 1885) who was a Sudanese political and religious leader of mixed Arab and African descent. Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside Cullinane, M. Patrick. Edit. While grading a final exam a professor discovers that two students have virtually identical answers. Germanys Kaiser Wilhelm II appears as an anointed leader, his angel wings made of swords, astride a cannon dragged by clerics and missionaries toward foreign lands. , 1902. - What are the motivations/justifications for this anti-imperialism? By the 1890s, the U.S. began to revitalize both its commercial and naval fleets. The dignity of the bereaved Filipino in this cartoon is a stark contrast to the usual demeaning stereotypes of half devil and half child that Kipling endorsed and many cartoonists reinforced. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be., Is this Imperialism? The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. In his 1898 notes for the Treaty of Pariswhich ended the Spanish-American War with Spain surrendering Cuba and ceding territories including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the PhilippinesMcKinley made a prototypical statement of the civilizers responsibilities in the kind of rhetoric still used today: We took up arms only in obedience to the dictates of humanity and in the fulfillment of high public and moral obligations. Includes bibliographical references and index. The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. Many peasants vaguely suspected of being Boxers were executed. This will help reinforce what youve already learned about imperialism and will give you more insight into both the minds of the imperialists as well as those who rejected this type of domination. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. Tributes have poured in for a Cape Town vet who was killed by . Boxer attacks on Western infrastructure and the siege of foreign diplomats in Beijing gave the international powers a pretext for entering China with military force. The violence applied to these aims both in bodily harm and cultural ruin was only part of the hypocrisy. 8, Issue 4, pp. Hurst and Blackett. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.American Nineteenth Century History. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. Caricature published in the newspaper Punch, 10 December 1892 Imprint: [ca. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. McKinley also mentions profit, free trade, and the open door in Asia: Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. Privacy Policy, Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Elbert F. Baldwin, https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. site.). Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. Harpers Weekly later echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) It allows prisoners to enjoy the view from the outside and have the illusion of freedom (Official Report to the War Office. Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the savage wars of peace in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. What imperialist practices are you rallying against (taking of raw materials, manipulation of trade, colonialism, violence, etc.)? 83-108 (2006). to our monthly Newsletter to learn and link to the content of each issue. The phrase became a trope in articles and graphics dealing with imperialism and the advancement of Western civilization against barbariansor as the poem put it, Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.. Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. For guidance about compiling full citations consult (ISSN 1961-9898). Militarily beneath notice by the major European powers, and able to resolve conflicts with Britain in the Western Hemisphere diplomatically, there was little pressure for a strong military in the U.S. With minimal military expenditures, the U.S. economy grew rapidly. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. In an 1895 Puck cartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog A year later, Judge magazine published a two-page cartoon by Victor Gillam that sets the contemporary civilization versus barbarism debate against a grand panorama of historical carnage. And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). In September 1901, the French artist Jean Veber used the pages of LAssiette au Beurre to call attention to one of the often-forgotten ironies of the mystique of the white mans burden. His cartoon, depicting a vast field of flat stone grave markers, carried the simple caption United Kingdom (Le Royaume-Uni). 203228. In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. Uncle Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla in his New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The famous white-haired general, Mximo Gmez, a master of insurgency tactics in the Cuban Independence War (18951898) reads a book with his name on it. Literature follows, holding the text of Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden. Music plays an organ labeled Two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever. Behind Music comes Sculpture, holding up a monument to a war hero. Page updated: Jacobs joined the Cape of Good Hope SPCA this week. continuous line of British territories from Cape Town, South Africa to Cairo, Egypt. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons in Puck and Judge. And they complain that drunken American soldiers insult the native women. Britannia (Symbolic character)--1900-1910, - The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. Cutting of Africa at the Berlin Conference published in LIllustration, January 1885. (doi:10.1093/cjip/pol005), Faunce, Rev. 1 print : chromolithograph. 0 Ratings 1 Want to read; 0 Currently reading; 0 Have read; From the Cape to Cairo. Orig. The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling). Victor Gillam,Judge, April 1, 1899. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. "Major Grogan's Moves," EAS (15 November 1919), 7. The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? - Maine exploded and sank in the harbor at Havana. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, Publisher. The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical, The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. It was planned as a link between Cape Town in South Africa and Port Said in Egypt. Reference staff can Co., Puck Bldg. This military dimension of the multi-ethnic United Kingdom is often forgotten. He is Chief Correspondent of public radio's Biotech Nation, a commentator on NPR's Morning Edition, and a contributing editor and a columnist for Conde Nast Portfolio. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal. Published in April 27, 1898, the first cartoon calls the monumental warship The Sphinx of the Period: an unknown quantity in modern warfare. About a month later, a June 1 graphic picks up on the Sphinx metaphor and declares The American Battle-Ship is No Longer an Unknown Quantity. A pugnacious sailor and sweeping U.S. flag have replaced the inscrutable sphinx; guns are smoking, the Spanish fleet lies sunken below. Looming just ahead for the two Anglo nations were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China, and Africa. The argument follows Englands example, as spelled out on the blackboard, that By not waiting for their consent, she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. An African-American washes windows. The book on the desk reads: U.S. | Print shows Chauncey M. Depew and Robert G. Ingersoll, each in the arms of the other, pointing to quotations attributed to them that justify American imperialist activities 1 print : chromolithograph. Scorched earth tactics destroyed scores of villages. Louis Dalrymples exceptionally detailed 1899 Puck graphic includes racist and denigrating depictions within a schoolhouse metaphor to demonstrate the right to govern newly acquired territories without their consent.
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