Some research says that women with osteoporosis may not absorb strontium as they should. No difference in intestinal strontium absorption after an oral or an intravenous 1,25(OH)2D3 bolus in normal subjects. Algaecal Plus Reviews - Does It Actually Work as Advertised? Erythritol: Is This Healthy Sweetener the Real Deal? View abstract. OTHER NAME(S): Atomic number 38, Chlorure de Strontium, Chlorure, Strontium is a silvery metal found naturally as a non-radioactive element. (21). Boron is an element. Strontium absorption also has effects on the absorption ofcalcium, magnesium and phosphate ions. I found that Strontium is eliminated by the kidneys and can build up in people with poor kidney function. Strontium may also influence other essential functions, including calcium absorption, bone formation & breakdown, and it restores alkaline pH to improve the health of skin, hair, and nails). View abstract. Most calcium supplements are big and difficult to swallow. Bone 2006;38(2 Suppl 1):23-27. Complete your request online or contact us by phone. Bolland, M. J., Grey, A. J Rheumatol 2000;27:205-11. View abstract. Because strontium and calcium have very similar molecular structures, the body treats them much the same. 2006;21(4):536-542. View abstract. Ann Rheum Dis. (Accessed 13 March 2004). A phase III study of the effects of denosumab on vertebral, nonvertebral, and hip fracture in women with osteoporosis: results from the FREEDOM trial [Abstract 1286]. View abstract. Strontium Demystified: Everything You Wanted To Know Many formulas for bone health will include a form of Sr. View abstract. Five years treatment with strontium ranelate reduces vertebral and nonvertebral fractures and increases the number and quality of remaining life-years in women over 80 years of age. 2010;30(7):863-869. Faith123 may be able to answer a question or two of yours about the reclast infusion treatment and her experience with it. Some people say this supplement improves bone health, but its important to think about its benefits and risks before you decide to take it. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) What Is Relationship Between Strontium Citrate and Hair Loss? - NutriAvenue Cohen-Solal, M. E., Augry, F., Mauras, Y., Morieux, C., Allain, P., and De Vernejoul, M. C. Fluoride and strontium accumulation in bone does not correlate with osteoid tissue in dialysis patients. Calcium Citrate. A special form of strontium called strontium ranelate can increase bone formation and prevent bone loss when used in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. View abstract. Meanwhile, strontium citrate features a 31% elemental strontium and only 69% citrate. J.Periodontol. View abstract. BORON: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions - WebMD View abstract. 2017 Aug;55(8):93-94. Strontium 89 in the treatment of pain due to diffuse osseous metastases: a university hospital experience. View abstract. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021;28(18):23048-23059. View abstract. Am J Med. Perit Dial Int 1998;18:410-4. Arthritis Res.Ther. View abstract. Its also not for people who: National Osteoporosis Foundation Clinical Updates: "Over-the-Counter Products & Osteoporosis: Case Discussions. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Doggrell, S. A. Cummings SR, McClung MR Christiansen C et al. O'Donnell, S., Cranney, A., Wells, G. A., Adachi, J. D., and Reginster, J. Y. Strontium ranelate for preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. Diagnosis and Management. Robinson, R. G., Spicer, J. 2003. Blotman, F., Maheu, E., Wulwik, A., Caspard, H., and Lopez, A. Efficacy and safety of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. Recent important clinical trials of drugs in osteoporosis. Select a condition to view a list of vitamins. Strontium can attach to some antibiotics called tetracyclines in the stomach. So what is stable strontium exactly? Rizzoli R, Chapurlat RD, Laroche JM, et al. 1992;23(10):705-711. A. Maintenance of antifracture efficacy over 10 years with strontium ranelate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. (12). The drug makes your bones stronger and lowers your chances of getting fractures. View abstract. A comparative clinical study investigating the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride in a silica base and a control dentifrice containing 1450 ppm fluoride in a silica base to provide immediate relief of dentin hypersensitivity. Initially Forteo was top contender (refrigeration requirement is an issue) until I came across Tymlos (refrigeration being easier to manage is one of several benefits over Forteo). Osteoporos.Int. 2010;46(4):1038-1042. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.12.006. Richy F, Bruyere O, Ethgen O, et al. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/in-depth/osteoporosis-treatment/art-20046869, https://connect.mayoclinic.org/discussion/reclast-infusion/, https://americanbonehealth.org/bonesense/why-strontium-is-not-good-for-bone-health/. 2006;(1):CD005117. Ozgur S, Sumer H, Kocoglu G. Rickets and soil strontium. AlgaeCal Strontium Boost Reviews - CSUPERB It can be found in soil and seawater, and its actually used as a supplemental treatment for osteoporosis and other bone diseases. 2012;23(3):1115-1122. doi: 10.1007/s00198-011-1847-z. STRONTIUM - Uses, Side Effects, and More - WebMD Next year will be my third year off the reclast so it will be interesting to see what docs will then suggest. What Is Secondary Prevention of Osteoporosis? Reginster, J. Y. View abstract. Krachler, M., Domej, W., and Irgolic, K. J. 7-27-1965;162(989):458-472. View abstract. (1) A radioactive form is even used as a form of cancer treatment for bone cancers andprostate cancer. After you stop taking any of these bone-building medications, you generally will need to take another osteoporosis drug to maintain the new bone growth. What Are Your Osteoporosis Medication Options? - HealthCentral Dermatol.Surg. 2007;5(4):692-699. Benefit: Bone & Joint Health. View abstract. B., and Devogelaer, J. P. Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of vertebral fracture in young postmenopausal women with severe osteoporosis. Strontium Boost is an all-natural organic supplement that supports bone health in people of every age. (13). Minkoff S, Axelrod S. Efficacy of strontium chloride in dental hypersensitivity. Towheed TE, Maxwell L, Anastassiades TP, et al. This supplement supports healthy osteoblast differentiation osteoblast collagen formation and balanced osteoclast activity; all of these activities help you maintain bone tensile strength. View abstract. JAMA 8-18-1999;282(7):637-645. N Engl J Med 2004;350:459-68.. View abstract. 2010;21(2):49-55. Description Pure Encapsulations' Strontium capsules provide one of the many trace minerals essential to bone health. There were, however, significant increases in both heart attacks and blood clots (including pulmonary embolism) in patients taking strontium ranelate compared to those who were not. 12-15-2007;57(8):1410-1418. Calcif Tissue Int 2000;67:122-7. 5-10-2001;344(19):1434-1441. 4-12-2005;172(8):1039-1043. Periodontics. [RETRACTED]. Clin Chem 1999;45:1548-56. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. In your diet, you get it mainly from seafood, but you can also get small amounts of it in whole milk, wheat bran, meat, poultry, and root vegetables. This article will be helpful to you if you experience joint discomfort, especially from rheumatoid arthritis and other joint health disorders. J.Periodontol. Scaglione M, Fabbri L, Casella F, Guido G. Strontium ranelate as an adjuvant for fracture healing: clinical, radiological, and ultrasound findings in a randomized controlled study on wrist fractures. Naess, I. Rintelen, B., Neumann, K., and Leeb, B. F. A meta-analysis of controlled clinical studies with diacerein in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Calcium, Bone Density and Osteoporosis with Drs. Pelin Batur and Chad US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. That means it may affect how strong your bones are. Currently, we do not have a way to measure the false increase in bone density that results when you take a supplement or a medication that includes strontium.. Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E, et al. Type: Natural Calcium & Magnesium Supplement. View abstract. Although Sr-89 is mostly used when there are several painful metastatic sites, its application in earlier stages of the disease is beneficial, and it may decrease progression and the need for external radiotherapy. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. J.Dent.Res. 2010;6(12):4513-4521. Some research shows that giving a special prescription form of strontium (strontium-89 chloride) intravenously (by IV) slows the growth of prostate cancer that is resistant to treatment and also relieves pain. Esomeprazole (Nexium) is not the same medication as esomeprazole strontium, although both are used to treat similar stomach conditions. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1997;64(12):825-834. View abstract. Meta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Hughes, N., Mason, S., Jeffery, P., Welton, H., Tobin, M., O'Shea, C., and Browne, M. A comparative clinical study investigating the efficacy of a test dentifrice containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm sodium fluoride versus a marketed control dentifrice containing 8% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm sodium monofluorophosphate in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity. The product can increase bone density, and it can also slow down bone loss. 2-1-2001;344(5):333-340. (2). Sr should be used with caution for those with kidney disease and if you have advanced kidney disease, then strontium ranelate is not recommended at all. 2009;41(7):559-562. Arthritis Rheum. Drug Ther Bull. Ann Rheum Dis. AlgaeCal Plus is a plant-based calcium supplement that contains all 13 bone-supporting minerals and is clinically supported to increase bone density. Taking strontium with quinolones might decrease their effectiveness. On October 1, 2014 the European Medicines Agencys Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) recommended that strontium ranelate (Protelos/Osseor, Servier) no longer be used to treat osteoporosis because of data demonstrating serious negative side effects. Strontium ranelate increases cartilage matrix formation. A., Hoiseth, A., Felsenberg, D., Huss, H., Gilbride, J., Schimmer, R. C., and Delmas, P. D. Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Arch.Intern.Med. This technology we use to assemble our list depends on a variety of factors, including but not limited to the following: Brand Value: Every brand of strontium citrate . A common therapeutic dose you will often seen recommended for boosting bone health is 680 milligrams per day. Chesnut, C. H., III, Silverman, S., Andriano, K., Genant, H., Gimona, A., Harris, S., Kiel, D., LeBoff, M., Maricic, M., Miller, P., Moniz, C., Peacock, M., Richardson, P., Watts, N., and Baylink, D. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. Osteoporos.Int. View abstract. Strontium is a mineral and alkaline earth metal like calcium, and it seems to work similarly to calcium in the body with its main benefit being a boost to bone health. Overview. View abstract. Reginster, J. Y., Lecart, M. P., Deroisy, R., and Lousberg, C. Strontium ranelate: a new paradigm in the treatment of osteoporosis. Seeman, E., Vellas, B., Benhamou, C., Aquino, J. P., Semler, J., Kaufman, J. M., Hoszowski, K., Varela, A. R., Fiore, C., Brixen, K., Reginster, J. Y., and Boonen, S. Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women eighty years of age and older. Hollriegl, V., Li, W. B., and Oeh, U. 9-25-2006;166(17):1899-1906. View abstract. Its also used to create that alerting red color in emergency flares. 2000;11(1):83-91. Have you ever heard of strontium? Bone. 1992;71 Spec No:841-845. Scientists havent tested these supplements much, so theres not enough research to know if they fight osteoporosis. If you have questions on the differences between esomeprazole (Nexium) and esomeprazole strontium, or whether esomeprazole (Nexium) is an option for you, talk to your provider or pharmacist. Osteoporos.Int. Vlad, S. C., LaValley, M. P., McAlindon, T. E., and Felson, D. T. Glucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: why do trial results differ? View abstract. Because strontium atoms are heavier than calcium atoms, swapping some of the calcium atoms with strontium atoms will make the bone mineral density appear to increase. Osteoporos.Int. Symptomatic efficacy of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial with a six-month treatment period and a two-month followup demonstrating a persistent effect. How can Sr be used? 2006;(2):CD005321. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/cder/ogd/approvals/1stgen0103.htm. However, there has also been concern over strontium ranelates effects on heart health. Relationship between bone mineral density changes and fracture risk reduction in patients treated with strontium ranelate. Ashayeri E, Omogbehin A, Sridhar R, Shankar RA. I. Inhibition of intestinal calcium absorption and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol synthesis. Kishore A, Mehrotra KK, Saimbi CS. Radiother Oncol 1994;31:33-40. 2011;165(3):469-476. Theres not enough research to know if strontium fights osteoporosis. View abstract. To avoid this interaction, take strontium at least 2 hours before or after taking tetracyclines. Its a fancy word for the development of cavities! View abstract. It is given as an injection every month at your doctor's office and is limited to one year of treatment. Calcium and strontium metabolic studies in patients on CAPD. J Periodontol. As a service to our readers, American Bone Health provides access to our library of archived content. One scientific review published in 2014 by a doctor with admitted ties to pharmaceutical makers concludes, The increased risk for cardiac events with strontium ranelate has been detected in randomized clinical trials but not in real-life observational studies. (9), Ultimately, the European Union now only endorses the use of strontium ranelate in severe cases of osteoporosis with high fracture risk. 1970;41(12):702-703. Strontium for Treating Osteoporosis and for Bone Health - WebMD Rozhinskaia, L. I., Arapova, S. D., Dzeranova, L. K., Molitvoslovova, N. N., Marova, E. I., Il'in, A. V., Benevolenskaia, L. I., Nikitinskaia, O. Also, the FDA doesnt regulate supplements in the same way as prescription drugs, so it's not possible to know if if they are safe or work well or even how much of the main ingredient they contain. View abstract. (5a). Osteoporosis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic A double blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study. Apostolidis N, Paradellis T, Karydas A, et al. View abstract. It has been licensed for sale in the UK and elsewhere in Europe for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N.Engl.J.Med. In nature, it is found in highest amounts in the ocean and consequently in certain bony fish. I have been treated with bisphosphanates, forteo, prolia and I had 11 non-traumatic spontaneous vertebral compression fractures during treatment. 2007;357:nihpa40967. View abstract. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. ", UC Davis School of Medicine: "Strontium Citrate for Osteoporosis Prevention Evaluation (SCOPE). Sips, A. J., van Der Vijgh, W. J., Barto, R., and Netelenbos, J. C. Intestinal absorption of strontium chloride in healthy volunteers: pharmacokinetics and reproducibility. View abstract. Bingham, C. O., III, Buckland-Wright, J. C., Garnero, P., Cohen, S. B., Dougados, M., Adami, S., Clauw, D. J., Spector, T. D., Pelletier, J. P., Raynauld, J. P., Strand, V., Simon, L. S., Meyer, J. M., Cline, G. A., and Beary, J. F. Risedronate decreases biochemical markers of cartilage degradation but does not decrease symptoms or slow radiographic progression in patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee: results of the two-year multinational knee osteoarthritis structural arthritis study. View abstract. The most common form of strontium in nutritional supplements is strontium citrate. Les Laboratoires Servier, 2006. View abstract. You may be surprised, but strontium chloride hexahydrate is added to toothpaste to reduce the pain associated with sensitive teeth. With a few simple measures, the application of Sr-89 causes no problems. Ananthraman, J. and Shahani, S. N. Clinical management of dentin hypersensitivity using cathode and anode iontophoresis. Strontium citrate and strontium chloride are supplements and are not tested or regulated by the Food and Drug Administrations (FDA). Metastron prescribing information. Gutteridge DH, Robinson CJ, Joplin GF. Strontium is a mineral found in seawater and soil. Is it even safe? Before you consider calcium supplements, be sure you understand how much calcium you need, the pros and cons of calcium supplements, and which type of supplement to choose. View abstract. McAlindon TE, LaValley MP, Gulin JP, Felson DT. View abstract. 2005;7(3):R625-R633. Acta Derm Venereol. JAMA 12-17-2003;290(23):3115-3121. View abstract. I am fortunate to have no noticeable side effects. I am actively and urgently in the process of deciding which osteoporosis treatment I want to "pitch" to my doctors. Strontium is similar to calcium. It does this in two ways. Does anyone take Forteo ? strontium is unlikely to have a net beneficial effect in osteoporosis and its use is declining as a consequence. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. (14). 2000;75(1-3):253-263. View abstract. A prescription form of strontiumstrontium ranelate (the ranelate salt), known as Protelos/Osseor was authorized in the European Union to treat severe osteoporosis in women who have been through the menopause and men who are at high risk of broken bones or fracture in the spine and the hip. Toxicity is minimal and consists of a transient 30 percent reduction of the [platelet] count. Hwang, J. S., Chen, J. F., Yang, T. S., Wu, D. J., Tsai, K. S., Ho, C., Wu, C. H., Su, S. L., Wang, C. J., and Tu, S. T. The effects of strontium ranelate in Asian women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Pearce, E. I. and Sissons, C. H. The concomitant deposition of strontium and fluoride in dental plaque. Physio Flex Pro - Editor's Choice. 2010;30(10):1341-1348. ", Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center: "Strontium. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. AlgaeCal Strontium Boost Reviews - Does This Product Really Work? D'Haese, P. C., Schrooten, I., Goodman, W. G., Cabrera, W. E., Lamberts, L. V., Elseviers, M. M., Couttenye, M. M., and De Broe, M. E. Increased bone strontium levels in hemodialysis patients with osteomalacia. View abstract. I will be contacting my urologist who I just began working with to let her know about Strontium. You do not know the effectiveness of the supplements. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. Review of clinical studies. Please note the date of the last review on all articles. 2014 Apr;61:48-54. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.01.002. Chesnut III, C. H., Skag, A., Christiansen, C., Recker, R., Stakkestad, J. Doctors can prescribe it only for postmenopausal women and for men with severe osteoporosis who cant take other drugs. They won't do any studies but the END OF FRACTURES SAYS IT ALL! Some. Gillam, D. G., Newman, H. N., Davies, E. H., and Bulman, J. S. Clinical efficacy of a low abrasive dentifrice for the relief of cervical dentinal hypersensitivity. Reginster JY, Badurski J, Bellamy N, Bensen W, Chapurlat R, Chevalier X, Christiansen C, Genant H, Navarro F, Nasonov E, Sambrook PN, Spector TD, Cooper C. Efficacy and safety of strontium ranelate in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: results of a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. [2] Royal Osteoporosis Society. Any feedback to help me through this maze will be highly appreciated. J.Bone Miner.Res. It is a member of the aragonite group. (4b) Another mineral containing strontium iscelestite, which is used in strontium metal alloys. Pearce, N. X., Addy, M., and Newcombe, R. G. Dentine hypersensitivity: a clinical trial to compare 2 strontium densensitizing toothpastes with a conventional fluoride toothpaste. Mazor, Z., Brayer, L., Friedman, M., and Steinberg, D. Topical varnish containing strontium in a sustained-release device as treatment for dentin hypersensitivity. Manicourt, D. H., Azria, M., Mindeholm, L., Thonar, E. J., and Devogelaer, J. P. Oral salmon calcitonin reduces Lequesne's algofunctional index scores and decreases urinary and serum levels of biomarkers of joint metabolism in knee osteoarthritis. Strontium ranelate discontinued. The possible risks of strontium warrant more long-term independent studies. It's not known if strontium contained in dietary supplements has these effects. Cottage cheese, 1% milk fat, 1 cup 138 mg per serving. Generic drug List. Clin Sci 1968;34:351-63. Strontium is an element that has been shown to improve bone healing. Posted: 09/28/19;Revised: 09/25/20. This Dr. Axe content is medically reviewed or fact checked to ensure factually accurate information. The effect of fluoride and strontium application on dentin: in vivo and in vitro studies. Phone & Address: 1-800-820-0184; support@algaecal.com. J.Periodontol. I feel that I need something that is shown to rebuild bone (15 lumbar and thoracic vertebral compression fractures). Further studies are warranted to determine which radiopharmaceutical is preferred for pain relief and/or improvement of survival. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1514-22. Since strontium is denser than calcium, it is difficult to assess actual bone improvement in a DXA scan. J.Thromb.Haemost. Strontium is a trace mineral that may aid bone health by reducing bone loss and encouraging bone development. Medications That Can Be Bad for Your Bones, Tests to Determine Secondary Causes of Bone Loss, American Bone Health and Susan G. Komen Team Up for Healthy Living Campaign, How cancer patients can lower the risk of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), What we know about vitamin D and bone health, American Bone Health calls on Americans to know their risk factors and take action to prevent falls and broken bones during Falls Prevention Awareness Week, Understanding How Obesity Affects Bone Health and Risk of Fractures, American Bone Health calls on American to Build Better Bones during National Osteoporosis Month 2022, Taking strontium supplements for any period of time is likely to make future bone density tests inaccurate. Clin Chem 2000;46:248-51. Dermatology 2000;200(3):244-246. ***Director's Note:*** In the human body, approximately 99 percent of Sr is located in the bones. Seeman, E., Devogelaer, J. P., Lorenc, R., Spector, T., Brixen, K., Balogh, A., Stucki, G., and Reginster, J. Y. Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of vertebral fractures in patients with osteopenia. A., Mohr, D. N., Petterson, T. M., O'Fallon, W. M., and Melton, L. J., III. J.Bone Miner.Res. 2008;80(5):47-52. (20). This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by our trained editorial staff. According to the Michigan Health website: Compared with children with fewer cavities, enamel samples from children with high numbers of caries have been found to contain significantly less strontium. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:580-90. 2010;21(12):1993-2002. Adouble-blind, parallel, comparative study study published back in 1987 in the Journal of Periodontology looked at the effects of a toothpaste containing10 percent strontium chloride hexahydrateon 61 subjects with hypersensitivity. I have had reclast infusions for six years for osteoporosis. Methods: Custom-made MDO devices were placed on 20 New Zealand White rabbits. View abstract. Rheumatol.Int. Reginster, J. Y., Seeman, E., De Vernejoul, M. C., Adami, S., Compston, J., Phenekos, C., Devogelaer, J. P., Curiel, M. D., Sawicki, A., Goemaere, S., Sorensen, O. H., Felsenberg, D., and Meunier, P. J. Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis (TROPOS) study. Effects of oral supplementation with stable strontium. Strontium ranelate is comprised of 27.8% strontium and 72.2% ranelic acid. This family of meds give your natural bone production a chance to play catch-up by slowing or stopping resorption, when bones break down and release minerals such as calcium into your blood. Molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, and strontium in total diets. A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism looked at the effects of Sr on 261 men with primary osteoporosis. Although many people have never heard of it before, its a very interesting and somewhat controversial supplement. View abstract. Some research shows that taking strontium ranelate helps prevent. 2008;9:165. Gunawardana DH, Lichtenstein M, Better N, Rosenthal M. Results of strontium-89 therapy in patients with prostate cancer resistant to chemotherapy. Given that strontium test results are tied to the strontium ion, citrate is your best option to reap its bone-building benefits. This is more important for postmenopausal women. Spine (Phila Pa 1976.) Kaufman JM, Audran M, Bianchi G, et al. Possible side effects of radioactive Sr (Metastron) as a bone cancer treatment may include: (22). For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.