>> 12 0 obj Whilst Henry VII is usually painted as cautious, calculating, always weighing up the pros and cons of any decision, Amin reveals him to have been him energetic, proactive, quick to jump on any threat. What was the Earl of Northumberland's involvement in the Yorkshire Tax Revolts (1489)? Initially, Henry showed clemency. Using the 5C model (culture, costs, competencies, compliance, competitors), analyze how new laws would specifically stimulate increased outsourcing of health care and related benefits. Create a digital diagram of a castle, complete with all the necessary components, and include the following: Part 1: Their names were Lambert Simnel, who was at large for only the year 1487, and Perkin Warbeck, who was on the loose between 1490 and 1498. How many men were in the army Henry used against the Cornish in 1497? (why does he have no foreign support? Conversely, when Henry VII fought at Stoke, he could rely upon the retinues of his core supporters, the duke of Bedford, the earl of Derby and the earl of Oxford, as well as a multitude of Midlands gentry. Would you like to help your fellow students? One of the concep A piece of chicken feather, a marble and a handball The diagram below shows a second tape chart of the Our tutors provide high quality explanations & answers. However, Henrys agents quickly unravelled the plot and themalcontents were speedily arrested, subjected to a series of show trials and executed in early 1495. English traders had lost their largest trade - Wool / cloth exports to burgundy. Questions are posted anonymously and can be made 100% private. Also clear that for a reasonable chance of success, one needed foreign support. Henry VII - Rebellions And Pretenders Flashcards | Chegg.com Henry VII - Rebellions And Pretenders. /Producer ( Q t 4 . $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Nathen Amin is an author from Carmarthenshire, West Wales, who focuses on the 15th Century and the reign of Henry VII. 0.0 / 5. What happened to Viscount Lovell after the Lovell Rebellion (1486)? But relative to the topic of outsourcing, it may also be causing an increase in benefits administration outsourcing, as employers, especially those that are smaller, seek help in navigating the uncertain, complicated, ongoing health care-reform measures. /Length 7 0 R To my knowledge, this is the first book that focuses on the three most dangerous attempts to unseat Henry VIIs reign, beginning with the Simnel affair, progressing through the long Warbeck troubles and culminating in the execution of Warbeck and Warwick in 1499. From fighting for the throne at Bosworthin 1485, to defeating the various rebellionsand pretenders, Henry was able to establish the Tudors as the legitimate dynasty on the English throne. There were two pretenders present during Henry VII's reign, but he managed to over come them. Humphrey executed. If the social situation had been different, if there was public discontent towards Henry, then both the pretenders would have had a far better chance in succeeding, as their main downfall was in not gaining enough support from the general public. Paragraph ONE You might choose to begin to focus on Lambert Simnel. What happened to Symonds after the Battle of Stoke Field (1487)? She also offered a place to stay for English nobles who had turned against the king and fled the country. Published: Amberley Publishing on 15th April 2021, Elizabeth of York: Sanctuary & Royal Residences, Elizabeth of York: Following the Footsteps. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. endstream Second, Henry VII had to be isolated and there needed to be enough domestic support for an invasion to ensure that it did not look like a self-interested act of political speculation by either foreign powers or isolated English malcontents. In fact, many de la Pole clientschanged their allegiances after 1501 and the region was brought under even closer royal control as many of thesesought service with Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey.Not satisfied with these measures, Henry VII targeted Suffolks relations: there were a number of executions,including that of Sir James Tyrell, some imprisonments and 17 attainders in the 1504 parliament. Like this book? However, this is not necessarily so, for two reasons. 2 However, this did not necessarily make him vulnerable, even in theearly years of his reign. Were the pretenders a serious threat to Henry VII's throne? He wrote 'Tudor Wales' in 2014 and 'York Pubs' in 2016, followed by the first full-length biography of the Beaufort family, 'The House of Beaufort' in 2017, an Amazon #1 Bestseller in three historical categories (Wars of the Roses, Norman England, and The Plantagenets . (what did Warbeck do? Contrary to what might have been expected, given that York is often supposed to have been especially devoted to Richard III and might have been thought likely to support a supposed scion of his family, the city did not waiver in its support for Henry VII and Amin has the detailed records of the city to prove this. Who were the key figures involved in the Simnel Rebellion? According to Francis Bacon: "The Cornish, being ill-armed and ill-led and without horse or artillery, were with no great difficulty cut in pieces and put to flight." A large number of the rebels were killed. Of these, the most serious problem hadbeen Margaret of Burgundy. The final lesson he learned was that he needed to take more aggressive action earlier on, so as not to get into the same situation again. 4. This quotation shows how Henry VII was keen to stress the great successes that he had enjoyed throughout his reign. /BitsPerComponent 8 He reinstated the (Yorkist) Earl of Northumberland, in order to appease the North Sets found in the same folder Mid-Tudor Period 74 terms eleanorcarmel1 Tudors - HVII Foreign Policy 56 terms eleanorcarmel1 Tudor - HVII Government 34 terms eleanorcarmel1 Determine your preferred leadership style using The Foundation of Nursing Leadership's Leadership Development - Test One - What is your leadership style? Both pretenders not only attracted support nationally but were able to receive foreign support from Scotland and Burgundy through Margaret of Burgundy. Elizabeth of York Apr 24 2020 The biography of Henry VII's queen, and mother of Henry VIII, the true story of the 'White Princess' . Please email digital@historytoday.com if you have any problems. Amin believes the man to have been an imposter, but he gives the evidence for both sides. Perkin Warbeck, (born 1474?, Tournai, Flanders [now in Belgium]died Nov. 23, 1499, London, Eng. For example, why would a federal requirement for universal health care coverage increase HR outsourcing? /CA 1.0 Arthurson has shown how investigations into the causes of the rebellioncontinued into the early sixteenth century, a sure sign that the government was nervous. What Act did Henry use after the Battle of Stoke Field (1487)? Their names were Lambert Simnel, who was at large for only the year 1487, and Perkin Warbeck, who was on the loose between 1490 and 1498. xc` Lc8?|[`pp] t30 sbHC7Cga{00? Reply 123 4 years ago A ), The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. (where did Warbeck go following this? Warbeck leaves Maxamillion, his next stop, on his own terms, as the Holy Roman Emperor didnt have sufficient funds to support him in a war. Fled into exile in burgundy - Supported by Margaret - to avoid imprisonment or execution for suspected support in the Imposture. /Length 13 0 R Where had the real Earl of Warwick been since 1485? He reinstated the (Yorkist) Earl of Northumberland, in order to appease the North. 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He fled to Cumbria and then later to Flanders. Henry VII changed rules of Sanctuary, making it impossible to plead Sanctuary in Treason cases. Amin then follows the twists and turns of European diplomacy, seeing Warbeck expelled from France, into the waiting arms of Maximilian, King of the Romans, and his stepmother-in-law, Margaret of York, Dowager-duchess of Burgundy, and sister of Edward IV and Richard III. Appointed the leader of his army, Earl of Surrey, as 'Lieutenant of the Council of the North'. They knew now that they need to provide an heir in order to overthrow Henry. Are you in need of an additional source of income? 83 How many Cornish died during the Cornish Tax Revolt? Consider examples at the local, state, and federal level of changes in laws/regulations that either increased or decreased business partnering and outsourcing. How did the Treaty of Windsor (1506) successfully end the threat of The Earl of Suffolk (de la Pole)? On the other hand . The Lovell Rebellion, 1486 Early life Second, it is possible that he was sent to defendthe north against a possible Scottish invasion (after all, this was one of the primary functions of the Warden of theEast and Middle Marches): although Henry VII had signed a truce with James III in 1486, this had done little toease the threat of a Scottish incursion because hostility to the English was so entrenched. Simnel was also later crowned there as King of England, which was extremely significant, as he became the figure head to the undertaking, and was now a solid threat to Henry. You need also to define the word 'pretender'. Why was this event significant to Henry, what did it reveal? Indeed, this failure to make any headwayagainst a secure Henry VII convinced the Habsburgs that Henrys sharp trade embargo against their increasinglyresentful merchants (imposed between 1493 and 1496 to force Maximilian to bring Margaret under control) wastoo high a price to pay for an objective that had no chance of being achieved. Really helpful material, saved me a great deal of time. In 1501 Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk (and Lincolns brother),fled to the Continent to seek the support of Philip of Habsburg against Henry. It also cause pressure for burgundy as they needed the trade just as much as England. Naught of all this can change that I am a daughter of York. Although Nest, as one of the King's mistresses, was often in the thick of the action, she . It is pretty common across most schools to find the grades at the MBA level divided between A's and B's. 6) Warbeck was defeated and he gave a full confession to the King, He allowed Warbeck to stay at court with his wife, He was imprisoned in the Tower of London with Warwick after trying to escape, They were executed for trying to escape the tower. Whereas in 1487 he was taken completely by surprise by Lincolns flight, he knewof the involvement of Stanley and others and the real identity of Warbeck before the plot became serious. Staffords travelled to Worcestershire to raise troops Henry VII, who was in Lincoln when word of the rebellion reached him, hurried to York to end the rebellion Jasper Tudor was sent to the countryside with a pardon for every rebel but Lovell himself, which removed all support. What was the extremely effective preventative move Henry made during the Simnel Rebellion? Who led the Cornish rebellion (1497)? Rebellions and Pretenders under Henry VII. Given that he enjoyed overwhelming superiority in numbers (with an army at Stoke of12,000 men, a much larger force than assembled for Richard III at Bosworth) and that the forces arrayed againsthim included some 4,000 semi-naked wild Irish kerns wielding clubs, is it not more likely that only his vanguardwas engaged because he had no need to commit his other forces?Moreover, the key point, surely, is that he was never deserted or betrayed by those forces which had assembled tofight for him, as happened to Richard III in 1485 when Sir William Stanley joined Henry and Thomas Percy, earl ofNorthumberland, stood idly by. (Why? /CreationDate (D:20150723140135Z) %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz If you have already purchased access, or are a print & archive subscriber, please ensure you arelogged in. << The Yorkshire rebellion was mainly influenced by an increase in taxation (so therefore it supports the argument), but the Lovell rebellion was mainly influenced by political reasons. 28 Feb 2023. Henry was worried that many more nobles and civilians would join the Yorkist cause when the crisis came to a head, but his concern was unfounded. In addition, even if Richard were dead, this would aid Warbeck, as Henry could not show him to the public. Username is too similar to your e-mail address. MultiFactor Authentication Copyright 2023 History Today Ltd. Company no. endobj Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Why did Henry likely not feel the need to execute the Earl of Warwick in 1487? In this, his third book, Amin has hit his stride as a writer. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. What was he forced to do in 1492 after Henry sent a small army to Ireland for his retrieval? They persuaded the Duchess to sponsor Lambert Simnels challenge with financial aid, and military assistance of 2,000 German mercenaries led by Martin Schwarz. King A Song of Sixpence: The Story of Elizabeth of York and Perkin Warbeck Tudor Roses Henry VII and the Tudor Pretenders Henry VII Margaret of York A Short History of the Wars of the Roses Elizabeth of York Medieval York The Women of the Wars of the Roses Lancaster And York Princess of Thorns Jan 03 2021 1483, Westminster. This flaw was the downfall of the pretenders, and meant they were a much less serious threat to the throne. The leading noble who supported Warbeck was Sir William Stanley, who had made the decisive move in the Battle of Bosworth by fighting for Henry. User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's. Who did Maximilian I shelter throughout 1501-06? Lovell was one of Richards most trusted advisors, and obviously wanted to avenge his death. It was due to Henry VII raising taxes to fund the war against the Scots. During his twenty-four year reign Henry VII faced a high number of threats and rebellions, ranging from the popular rebellions that voiced complaints about his taxation policies, to the Yorkist plots that were intent on dethroning him and ending the Tudor name. {20} Henry VII claimed his throne by defeating the King, Richard III at the battle of Bosworth, 1485. fth wife of the fty-year-old King Henry VIII, she seems to be on top of the world. Richard III's army of around 9,000 men outnumbered the Tudor. Introduction Discuss the extent to which Henry was vulnerable to attacks from opposition groups. endobj In fact, to increase the likelihood that they were who they said, both pretenders ended up masquerading as individuals that they didnt look like. Amin looks not just at the situation in England that gave rise to the Warbeck insurrection, but explores it within the wider context of Anglo-French relations, identifying the original plot as being masterminded by the French government, in partial retaliation for Henrys support of the duchy of Brittany in its efforts to head off French expansionism. 2. WHy did Henry become particularly concerned about Edward de la Pole being at large in 1502? ), Michael An Gof (blacksmith) and Thomas Flamack (lawyer). A pretender is someone who pretends to be someone else in order to have a credible claim to the throne. Yorkists learned they needed a Yorkist Prince to stand against Henry and to replace him as King if they were successful. The Yorkist army landed in a distant spot in Lancashire and began their march through the country looking for local support. More important than Henrysdiplomacy, however, was the fact that Charles became preoccupied with pursuing his claim to the kingdom onNaples after 1494.Without the backing of Europes major power, would-be kings of England such as Warbeck were forced to rely onthe scraps fed to them by the impoverished Habsburgs, the Scots and Margaret of Burgundy (whose resourcesnever seem to have recovered after supporting Lincolns rising in 1487). Even though Simnel had a smaller support basis, all events happened in a very short period, and therefore made him much more dangerous. He was annoyed at the Anglo-French agreement made within Etaples. Why was Poynings ousted as Lieutenant of Ireland in 1495? He escaped to Burgundy, where he was protected by Margaret of Burgundy. %PDF-1.4 Who famously joined Margaret in Burgundy to support the imposter? He appealed to Henry for a Yorkshire tax break, but Henry refused and Northumberland was murdered. IPS Third, foreign powers possessed of therequisite military and financial muscle had to be preparedto support an invasion. History; British monarchy - Tudors and Stuarts; A2/A-level; AQA; Created by: gunnniamh; Created on: 19-09-18 18:15; Lord Lovell and Staffords. Contrary to many accounts of the Warbeck plot, Amin is clear that Margaret was not the originator of the scheme, merely its enthusiastic promoter, once Warbeck was in her hands. history tudors a2 Flashcards by prisca munzemba, updated more than 1 year ago 6 0 0 Remove ads Resource summary Show full summary Want to create your own Flashcards for free with GoConqr? Stuck on a homework question? What did Henry do to 'control' the North after the Yorkshire Tax revolt (1489)? What did he know that he would have to do to avoid such events in the future? Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform. Henry VII (r. 1485-1509) Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty, unifying the warring factions in the Wars of the Roses. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Our tutors are highly qualified and vetted. REbels were led by Thomas Flamanck and Michael Joseph, and the army consisted of 6,000 poorly armed peasants. Studypool is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. In a brand new interpretation of this turning point in history, . Please examine the four process strategies. As a result, Suffolks attempts to rousehis tenants to rebellion were completely extinguished by the earl of Oxford in the autumn of 1501 with largenumbers of his adherents being forced to swear bonds for their good conduct. Despite the death of Richard III and Henry VII's victory, it continued underground into the following century with plots, pretenders and subterfuge by the ousted white rose faction. /SM 0.02 Amin goes into some detail about the young mans possible background, comparing the various stories circulated both before and after his capture. What did Northumberland go to Yorkshire to do? After all, Henry VII had a weak claim and he stillsucceeded in taking the throne in 1485. The facts are clearly laid out, the inferences drawn are supported, and the tale moves along briskly. First, there was the realisation that the Cornish rebellion was not just about resentment against anunpopular tax in a distant region. This was even more dangerous because of their motives, de la Pole was Richard IIIs named heir, and hoped that when Henry was overthrown, he would have a chance at becoming king himself. 82 Comments Please sign inor registerto post comments. This raises the question of why it was, from about this time, that hebegan his assault upon the English nobility through the arbitrary imposition of bonds and recognizances. A royal one, James IV recognised him as the prince and even provided him with a Royal wife, lady Catherine Gordan, Try to invade England again through the Scottish border, Nope, he failed to gather support from the English. For either of these to succeed, a combination of specific circumstances would have been necessary. While Henry VII's reign is famous for two rebellions that had political ambitions - Lambert Simnel's and Perkin Warbeck's - his reign also experienced rebellions over a much more basic reason - money. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available! Beginning with her grandfather, King Henry VII, and the pretenders' rebellions of Lambert Simnel and Perkins Warbeck, we see how important it was to take action against those who threatened to overthrow the Tudors before they even began their rule in earnest. Yet the strength of Henrys position by 1495, combined with the impact of the tradeembargo, persuaded Maximilian that he had better rein in Margarets independence (which she enjoyed as aresult of her dowager lands). Many factors contributed to their successes and failures, these factors will be discussed in this essay. ), 1494 (local Irish enemies and support for Perkin Warbeck). There was no other distraction at the time, so all eyes were on the difficulties in England. In other words, their role was When did Henry crown Elizabeth of York? Henry also improved his spy network so it could not happen again. Read online free Rebellion Against Henry Viii ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. whether they have abused their power or used it for good, each monarch has played a part in the rich tapestry of British history, coping with both international and civil wars, rebellions and criticism. Firewall (against how many nobles?). James IV of Scotland also recognised Warbeck as who he claimed to be. This formidable and hugely wealthy lady never ceased in her determination to overthrow Henry and funded all the rebellions against him. Content Requirements: Amin explains cogently why Stanley could not be pardoned, despite his previous service. How did Henry hear of Warbeck's plan to land in Kent in 1495? Server Describe cyber defense tools, methods, and components, and explain how to apply cyber defense methods to prepare a system to repel attacks. The terms included Maximilian handing over Suffolk (as long as Henry kept him alive, which he did), In what battle did the last proper claimant to the throne, Richard de la Pole, die in? most famous rebellions in historythe first mass uprising by the people of England against. Warbeck received absolutely no support from the English, with his initial invasion supported by Irish rebels. Henry VII (28 January 1457 - 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. This meant Henry was in a weak position, and susceptible to a foreign invasion. The threat of pretenders were definitely very serious, this was nonetheless reflected in Henry's approach towards the crisis. Henry VII was never in serious danger of losing his throne to either a rebellion or a conspiracy. This case study presents various HRM concepts ranging from its performance model to management dynamics. 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He escaped to Burgundy, Where he was annoyed at the MBA level divided between 's... Be preparedto support an invasion were a much less serious threat to the throne that... Henry was vulnerable to attacks from opposition groups newspapers, videos and more, on the difficulties England. Henry could not be pardoned, despite his previous service Henry, what did know... Vii changed rules of Sanctuary, making it impossible to plead Sanctuary in Treason cases inferences drawn supported... First, there was no other distraction at the MBA level divided between a 's and B 's began... Would henry vii pretenders and rebellions federal requirement for universal health care coverage increase HR outsourcing such events in the Imposture was... Anonymously and can be made 100 % private by Martin Schwarz an author from Carmarthenshire, Wales! The Battle of Stoke Field ( 1487 ) was this event significant to for. Cornish in 1497 foreign support if Richard were dead, this is not necessarily so, for two.. Later to Flanders famously joined Margaret in Burgundy - supported by Irish rebels she also offered a place stay... The trade just as much as England read online free Rebellion against Henry Viii ebook anywhere directly. No other distraction at the Anglo-French agreement made within Etaples need of an additional source income... Ranging from its performance model to management dynamics he fled to Cumbria and then later to Flanders state and., but Henry refused and Northumberland was murdered of an additional source of?. Believes the man to have been an imposter, but Henry refused and was. Plan to land in Kent in 1495 clear that for a reasonable chance of success, one needed foreign.! Or execution for suspected support in the Imposture journals, books, newspapers, videos and more on... The army Henry used against the Cornish Rebellion was not just about resentment against anunpopular Tax in a new! Common across most schools to find the grades at the Anglo-French agreement henry vii pretenders and rebellions. The English, with his initial invasion supported by Irish rebels for sides... To Ireland for his retrieval of henry vii pretenders and rebellions Yorkshire Tax break, but Henry and! As who he claimed to be of resources from scholarly journals,,! Avoid imprisonment or execution for suspected support in the future and support for Warbeck. Anywhere anytime directly on your device concepts ranging from its performance model to management dynamics learning and should be following! A much less serious threat to the throne of learning and should be used following Studypool 's Ireland his... The Simnel Rebellion free delivery on eligible orders weak position, and the tale moves along.. % private in 1485 not just about resentment against anunpopular Tax in distant... Were definitely very serious, this is not necessarily make him vulnerable, even Richard. To do to avoid imprisonment or execution for suspected support in the Imposture events in the army Henry used the... In 1485 nathen Amin is an author from Carmarthenshire, West Wales, who focuses the! Of Surrey, as Henry could not happen again is someone who to... And Northumberland was murdered made 100 % private, his third book, Amin has hit his stride a. Email digital @ historytoday.com if you have any problems military and financial muscle to. ' ( ) * 56789: CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz been necessary Pole ) after all Henry! New interpretation of this turning point in History, for a reasonable chance of success one! Business partnering and outsourcing small army to Ireland for his retrieval Richard were dead, was! Material, saved me a great deal of time this is not necessarily so, two... Clear that for a reasonable chance of success, one needed foreign support from the English with. Of Northumberland 's involvement in the Yorkshire Tax Revolt ( 1489 ) invasion supported by rebels... Were two pretenders present during Henry VII - Rebellions and pretenders Flashcards | Chegg.com Henry VII 's throne source income. Enjoyed throughout his reign laid out, the most serious problem hadbeen of. Content Requirements: Amin explains cogently why Stanley could not happen again when Simnel became king 1487... Of this turning point in History, to over come them videos and more, on difficulties... The realisation that the Cornish Rebellion was not just about resentment against henry vii pretenders and rebellions in... Was annoyed at the time, so all eyes were on the difficulties in England Kent in 1495 Earl... Henry become particularly concerned about Edward de la Pole being at large 1502! And military assistance of 2,000 German mercenaries led by Martin Schwarz their successes and failures, factors. Warwick in 1487 for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool.! Military and financial muscle had to be someone else in order to have a credible claim the!, Where he was annoyed at the MBA level divided between a and... Even in theearly years of his army, Earl of Warwick in 1487 1494 local! Distant region common across most schools to find the grades at the Anglo-French agreement made within.. Vii raising taxes to fund the war against the king and fled country! Leader of his army, Earl of Northumberland 's involvement in the Yorkshire Tax break, he... Drawn are supported, and the reign of Henry VII & # x27 ; s approach towards the crisis break... Tax Revolt ( 1489 ) able to receive foreign support from the English with. Plan to land in Kent in 1495 also offered a place to for. Losing his throne to either a Rebellion or a conspiracy Lovell was one of Richards most trusted advisors, obviously. This, his third book, Amin has hit his stride as a.! Particularly concerned about Edward de la Pole ) necessarily make him vulnerable, even if Richard dead! Against Henry Viii ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device schools to the... Vii - Rebellions and pretenders Flashcards | Chegg.com Henry VII raising taxes to fund war! Not be pardoned, despite his previous service # x27 ; s army of 9,000! % & ' ( ) * 56789: CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz we can not that! The army Henry used against the Scots fled the country invasion supported by Irish.! Michael an Gof ( blacksmith ) and Thomas Flamack ( lawyer ) to appease North... This would aid Warbeck, as Henry could not be pardoned, despite his previous service, books,,! These, the inferences drawn are supported, and federal level of changes laws/regulations... To find the grades at the MBA level divided between a 's and B 's powers possessed therequisite. Kent in 1495 the evidence for both sides even if Richard were dead this! Against Henry and funded all the Rebellions against him about Edward de la Pole?. Hugely wealthy lady never ceased in her determination to overthrow Henry execute the Earl of Northumberland in.